การปรับปรุงสมบัติเบสของแคลเซียมออกไซด์จากขยะเปลือกหอยนางรมเพื่อเป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาในการผลิตไบโอดีเซล
The Improvement of Basic Properties of Calcined Oyster Shells as Catalyst for Biodiesel Production
Abstract
สมบัติความเป็นเบสของตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาแคลเซียมออกไซด์ (CaO) ที่ได้จากการเผาเปลือกหอยนางรม ได้ถูกปรับปรุงโดยการชุบเปียกด้วยโพแทสเซียมไฮดรอกไซด์ (KOH) ในการเร่งปฏิกิริยาทรานส์เอสเทอริฟิเคชันของน้ำมันพืชใช้แล้ว (Waste Cooking Oil; WCO) กับเอทานอล (Ethanol; EtOH) เพื่อผลิตไบโอดีเซล โดยศึกษาพารามิเตอร์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง คือ อัตราส่วนโดยมวลของ CaO ต่อ KOH (1 : 1 ถึง 1 : 4) ในขั้นตอนการเตรียมตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาและการทำปฏิกิริยาทรานส์เอสเทอริฟิเคชัน ได้แก่ ปริมาณตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา อัตราส่วนโดยโมลของ WCO ต่อ EtOH อุณหภูมิ และเวลาในการทำปฏิกิริยา ผลการทดลองแสดงให้เห็นว่า อัตราส่วน CaO/KOH 4.0% โดยน้ำหนัก ซึ่งเตรียมจากอัตราส่วนโดยมวล 1 : 2 ที่อัตราส่วนโดยโมลเป็น 1 : 10 ของ WCO : EtOH ณ อุณหภูมิ 60 องศาเซลเซียส ใน 240 นาที ให้ผลผลิตไบโอดีเซลร้อยละ 100 จากการตรวจสอบเอกลักษณ์ทางเคมีและกายภาพของตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาด้วย เทคนิคอินฟราเรดสเปกโทรสโกปีการแปลงฟูเรียร์ (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; FTIR) เทคนิคการเลี้ยวเบนของรังสีเอกซ์ (X-ray Diffraction; XRD) การวิเคราะห์ภาพถ่ายจากกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอนแบบส่องกราด (Scanning Electron Microscopy; SEM) และวิเคราะห์การเปลี่ยนแปลงน้ำหนักและสมบัติทางความร้อน (Thermogravimetric Analysis; TGA) พบว่า บริเวณรูพรุนของพื้นผิว CaO ที่ชุบด้วยไฮดรอกไซด์ไอออน (OH–) และโพแทสเซียมไอออน (K+) มีขนาดขยาย เป็นการเพิ่มบริเวณทำปฏิกิริยา ที่มีสมบัติความเป็นเบสเพิ่มขึ้นและเร่งอัตราการเกิดปฏิกิริยาของการสังเคราะห์ไบโอดีเซล ซึ่งสมบัติของเชื้อเพลิงไบโอดีเซลที่ผลิตในการศึกษาวิจัยนี้อยู่ในเกณฑ์มาตรฐานของกรมธุรกิจพลังงานแห่งประเทศไทย
The basic properties of a calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst derived from oyster shells, calcinated and impregnated with potassium hydroxide (KOH), have been enhanced for catalyzing transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil (WCO) and ethanol (EtOH) to produce biodiesel. The parameters investigated include the mass ratio of CaO to KOH (1 : 1 to 1 : 4) in the catalyst preparation, as well as the catalyst amount, molar ratio of WCO to EtOH, reaction temperature, and reaction time in the transesterification process. The experimental results reveal that a 4.0% w/w CaO/KOH catalyst, prepared with a 1 : 2 mass ratio and a 1 : 10 molar ratio of WCO to EtOH, at 60°C for 240 minutes, yields 100% biodiesel. Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of the catalyst using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) discloses that the CaO surface porosity, impregnated by hydroxide ions (OH–) and potassium ions (K+), increases active sites. These absorptive characteristics enhance the basic properties and accelerate the reaction rate of biodiesel synthesis. The fuel properties of the biodiesel produced in this research are within the standard specifications of the Department of Energy Business of Thailand.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.14416/j.kmutnb.2024.10.007
ISSN: 2985-2145
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