Recent Progress in Biorefining Process for Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials from Lignocellulosic Biomass
Abstract
กระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพเป็นกระบวนการที่นำวัสดุชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสมาผลิตเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีมูลค่าเพิ่ม ได้แก่ พลังงานชีวภาพ (เช่น เอทานอล มีเทน บิวทานอล) พลาสติกชีวภาพ สารเคมีแพลทฟอร์ม สารชีวเคมี เป็นต้น โดยวัสดุชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสได้มาจากกิจกรรมทางการเกษตร หรือโรงงานแปรรูปสินค้าเกษตร เช่น ฟางข้าว ชานอ้อย กากกาแฟ หญ้า ซังข้าวโพด เป็นต้น ซึ่งมักจะถูกนำไปเผาทำลายหลังฤดูกาลเก็บเกี่ยวก่อให้เกิดเป็นมลภาวะทางสิ่งแวดล้อม เนื่องจากลักษณะที่สำคัญของชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสประกอบไปด้วย เซลลูโลส เฮมิเซลลูโลส และลิกนิน ซึ่งชีวมวลสามารถเปลี่ยนไปเป็นน้ำตาลที่ใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบในกระบวนการหมักด้วยจุลินทรีย์ จึงทำให้ชีวมวลชนิดนี้มีศักยภาพสูงในการนำมาใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบในกระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพ นอกจากนี้ยังถือว่าวัสดุชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสเป็นวัตถุดิบที่เป็นมิตรต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมและยังช่วยลดปัญหาปริมาณขยะที่เกิดจากของเหลือทิ้งทางการเกษตร บทความนี้จึงรวบรวมแนวทางการพัฒนากระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพของชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสเพื่อผลิตเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์หลักสามประเภท ได้แก่ พลังงานชีวภาพ พลาสติกชีวภาพ และสารเคมีแพลตฟอร์ม ซึ่งเป็นผลจากการพัฒนางานวิจัยและรวมไปถึงการนำเสนอข้อจำกัดของกระบวนการและแนวทางในการพัฒนาในเพื่อการผลิตในระดับอุตสาหกรรมในอนาคต
Biorefinery is the process by which lignocellulosic biomass is converted to value-added products such as bioenergy (ethanol, methane, butanol), bioplastics, platform chemicals and biochemicals. The lignocellulosic biomass, such as rice straw, bagasse, coffee grounds, grass, corn cobs, is obtained from agricultural activities and agricultural processing plants. It is often burned after the harvesting season, causing environmental pollution. Compositions of lignocellulose biomass include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are converted to sugars that are used as raw materials in microbial fermentation processes. Therefore, this biomass has high potential to be used as raw material in the biorefinery process. In addition, lignocellulosic biomass is considered to be an environmentally friendly raw material that helps to reduce the amount of agricultural waste. This review describes the guidelines for the development of the biorefinery process of lignocellulosic biomass to produce three main types of products, including bioenergy, bioplastics and platform chemicals. The process limitations and proposed solutions are described for further applications in industrial productions.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.14416/j.kmutnb.2023.03.002
ISSN: 2985-2145
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