Page Header Logo Applied Science and Engineering Progress

Home > ONLINE FIRST > Ico

Nanotechnology Applications in Aquaponics: Feed Engineering, Nutrient Cycling Efficiency, and System Performance Optimization

Ria Michaela Lombres Ico, Carolyn Grace Somera Almerol, Melissa Espino Agulto, Juvy Jimenez Monserate

Abstract


Aquaponics integrates aquaculture and hydroponics within a recirculating system; however, achieving stable nutrient cycling and optimal system performance remains a major challenge due to limitations in nitrification efficiency, nutrient availability, and hydraulic performance. This review evaluates the role of nanotechnology as an engineering strategy to enhance nutrient transformation, improve feed utilization, and optimize overall system performance in aquaponic systems, with a particular focus on tilapia–lettuce production. Nano-enhanced feed formulations, including nano-silica and micronutrients, are examined for their ability to improve feed conversion efficiency, enhance nutrient retention, and reduce Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) loading to biofilters. In parallel, nanostructured biofilter media are assessed for their capacity to increase specific surface area, promote biofilm development, and enhance nitrification kinetics. At the plant interface, nanofertilizers are evaluated for their role in improving micronutrient availability and nutrient uptake efficiency. This review adopts an engineering perspective by linking feed inputs, microbial processes, and plant uptake through mass balance and transport mechanisms. While nanotechnology offers significant potential to improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and system stability, concerns regarding nanoparticle toxicity, bioaccumulation, and long-term environmental impacts remain critical challenges. Future research should prioritize quantitative validation, system-scale integration, and safety assessments to support the sustainable implementation of nanotechnology in precision agriculture.

Keywords



[1] A. Domingues-Hernande, A. Juarez-Velazques, E. Domigues-Hernandez, R. Zepeda-Bautista, C. Hernandez-Aguilar, and M. Dominguez-Hernandez, “Impact of the integration level in Crop-Livestock systems on biomass production, nutrient recycling, and energy efficiency,” Biomass, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.19, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/biomass5020019.

[2] Y. Yep and Y. Zheng, “Aquaponic trends and challenges – A review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 228, pp. 1586–1599, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.290.

[3] C. S. Nair, R. Manoharan, D. Nishanth, R. Subramanian, E. Neumann, and A. Jaleel, “Recent advancements in aquaponics with special emphasis on its sustainability,” Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, vol. 56, no. 1, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1111/jwas.13116.

[4] S. Wongkiew, Z. Hu, K. Chandran, J. W. Lee, and S. K. Khanal, “Nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems: A review,” Aquacultural Engineering, vol. 76, pp. 9–19, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2017.01.004.

[5] D. C. Plett, K. Ranathunge, V. J. Melino, N. Kuya, Y. Uga, and H. J. Kronzucker, “The intersection of nitrogen nutrition and water use in plants: new paths toward improved crop productivity,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 71, no. 15, pp. 4452–4468, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1093/jxb/eraa049.

[6] S. L. Lama et al., “Recent advances in aquaponic systems: A critical review,” Reviews in Aquaculture, vol. 17, no. 3, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1111/raq.70029.

[7] J. Ahmed, K. P. K. Vasagam, and K. Ramalingam, “Nanoencapsulated aquafeeds and current uses in fisheries/shrimps: A review,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 195, no. 11, pp. 7110–7131, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12010-023-04418-9.

[8] E. Dube, “Nanoparticle-enhanced fish feed: Benefits and challenges,” Fishes, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 322, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.3390/fishes9080322.

[9] A. Elamawy, E. Hegazi, E. Nassef, T. K. Abouzed, A. G. Zaki, and T. Ismail, “Dietary inclusion of nano-phosphorus improves growth performance, carcass quality, and growth-related traits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and alleviates water phosphorus residues,” Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 529–542, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10695-023-01199-0.

[10] R. Riyaz, G. Iqbal, P. Gargotra, and P. A. Ganie, “Interventions of nanotechnology-based applications as a novel tool for sustainable aquaculture and fish medicines,” Blue Biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 1, Jun. 2025, doi: 10. 1186/s44315-025-00034-w.

[11] V. T. Okomoda, S. A. Oladimeji, S. G. Solomon, S. O. Olufeagba, S. I. Ogah, and M. Ikhwanuddin, “Aquaponics production system: A review of historical perspective, opportunities, and challenges of its adoption,” Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1157–1165, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3154.

[12] D. A. Pattillo, “An overview of aquaponic systems: Aquaculture components,” North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, Tech. Bull. Series No. 124, Oct. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/15111

[13] S. Gupta et al., “Recent developments in recirculating aquaculture systems: A review,” Aquaculture Research, vol. 2024, no. 1, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1155/are/6096671.

[14] F. Fernando, S. Fredriksen, E. D. Lorentsen, L. Moen, and I. Bakke, “High abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in nitrifying biofilters of brackish recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with tolerance for abrupt salinity changes,” Aquaculture, vol. 612, pp. 743280, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025. 743280.

[15] J. Tetreault, R. L. Fogle, S. Fogarty, and T. Guerdat, “Coupled aquaponics: Optimizing hydraulic retention times using a parallel unit process water treatment approach,” Frontiers in Horticulture, vol. 2, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3389/ fhort.2023.1140998.

[16] N. Adzman, S. A. Samsudin, M. N. H. Zainal Alam, N. S. I. A. Othman, and M. J. Kamaruddin, “Intermittent water pump operation to reduce energy consumption of aquaponics system,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 89, pp. 43–48, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3303/CET2189048.

[17] N. C. Parker and M. A. Suttle, “Design of airlift pumps for water circulation and aeration in aquaculture,” Aquacultural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 97–110, Jan. 1987, doi: 10.1016/0144-8609(87)90008-2.

[18] R. I. Danner, U. Mankasingh, K. Anamthawat-Jonsson, and R. I. Thorarinsdottir, “Designing aquaponic production systems towards integration into greenhouse farming,” Water, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 2123, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3390/w11102123.

[19] J. E. Rakocy, M. P. Masser, and T. M. Losordo, “Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: Aquaponics—Integrating fish and plant culture,” Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, SRAC Publication no. 454, 2006.

[20] L. Vanacore et al., “Growth, ecophysiological responses, and leaf mineral composition of lettuce and curly endive in hydroponic and aquaponic systems,” Plants, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 2852, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.3390/plants13202852.

[21] U. Yogev, A. Barnes, and A. Gross, “Nutrients and energy balance analysis for a conceptual model of a three loops off-grid, Aquaponics,” Water, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 589, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.3390/w8120589.

[22] S. Chen, J. Ling, and J.-P. Blancheton, “Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors,” Aquacultural Engineering, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 179–197, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.09.004.

[23] A. Endut, A. Jusoh, N. Ali, W. B. W. Nik, and A. Hassan, “A study on the optimal hydraulic loading rate and plant ratios in recirculation aquaponic system,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 1511–1517, Oct. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.040.

[24] A. Endut, A. Jusoh, and N. Ali, “Nitrogen budget and effluent nitrogen components in aquaponics recirculation system,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 52, no. 4–6, pp. 744–752, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1080/19443994.2013.826336.

[25] G. Liu and J. Wang, “Probing the stoichiometry of the nitrification process using the respirometric approach,” Water Research, vol. 46, no. 18, pp. 5954–5962, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.006.

[26] D. Nishanth et al., “Current technologies for nutrient recovery in aquaponic systems: a review,” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 9, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2025.1681638.

[27] S. Wongkiew et al., “Nitrogen recovery via Aquaponics–Bioponics: Engineering considerations and perspectives,” ACS ES&T Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 326–339, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acses tengg.0c00196.

[28] M. Tanveer et al., “Enhancement of nitrogen transformation in media-based aquaponics systems using biochar and zerovalent iron,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 418, pp. 131933, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131933.

[29] N. Wallace-Springer, D. E. Wells, J. M. Pickens, E. Ayipio, and J. Kemble, “Effects of hydraulic retention time of aquaculture effluent on nutrient film technique lettuce productivity,” Agronomy, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2570, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/agronomy12102570.

[30] S. Saini, S. Tewari, J. Dwivedi, and V. Sharma, “Biofilm-mediated wastewater treatment: a comprehensive review,” Materials Advances, pp. 1415–1443, 2023, doi: 10.1039/d2ma00945e.

[31] J. W. Shanahan and M. J. Semmens, “Alkalinity and pH effects on nitrification in a membrane aerated bioreactor: An experimental and model analysis,” Water Research, vol. 74, pp. 10–22, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.055.

[32] L. Zhou, K. Nyberg, and A. C. Rowat, “Understanding diffusion theory and Fick’s law through food and cooking,” AJP Advances in Physiology Education, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 192–197, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1152/advan.00133.2014.

[33] P. De Willigen and M. Van Noordwijk, “Mass flow and diffusion of nutrients to a root with constant or zero-sink uptake II,” Soil Science, vol. 157, no. 3, pp. 171–175, Mar. 1994, doi: 10.1097/00010694-199403000-00005.

[34] J. Santner, E. Smolders, W. W. Wenzel, and F. Degryse, “First observation of diffusion‐limited plant root phosphorus uptake from nutrient solution,” Plant Cell & Environment, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1558–1566, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02509.x.

[35] B. Baiyin et al., “Effect of nutrient solution flow rate on hydroponic plant growth and root morphology,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1840, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/plants10091840.

[36] B. Baiyin, N. Lu, S. Li, and T. Asao, “Effect of substrate flow rate on nutrient uptake and use efficiency in hydroponically grown Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla ‘Seiyou Shirokuki’),” Agronomy, vol. 11, no. 10, Art. no. 2050, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/agronomy11102050.

[37] A. Mitra et al., “Nano-enhanced diets: advancing sustainability in aquaculture - a review,” Cogent Food & Agriculture, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1080/23311932.2025.2453900.

[38] V. K. Misra, S. Gupta, S. Singh, and A. Kumar, “Nanoencapsulation of nutrients in fish feed: Enhancing bioavailability, absorption, and health benefits for farmed fish,” Biological Forum – An International Journal, vol. 15, no. 5A, pp. 632–639, 2023

[39] R. E. Ibrahim et al., “The effects of chitosan-vitamin C nanocomposite supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings,” Aquaculture, vol. 534, pp. 736269, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736269.

[40] A. H. Sherif, R. H. Khalil, T. S. Talaat, M. Z. Baromh, and M. A. Elnagar, “Dietary nanocomposite of vitamin C and vitamin E enhanced the performance of Nile tilapia,” Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 15648, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65507-1.

[41] N. Hossam-Elden et al., “Dietary chitosan nanoparticles enhance growth, antioxidant defenses, immunity, and Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria resistance in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus,” Fishes, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 388, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.3390/fishes9100388.

[42] I. A. Harahap, M. Kuligowski, M. Schmidt, and J. Suliburska, “The impact of soy products, isoflavones, and Lactobacillus acidophilus on iron status and morphological parameters in healthy female rats,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 78, pp. 127183, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127183.

[43] A. Bashar, N. A. Hasan, M. M. Haque, Md. F. Rohani, and Md. S. Hossain, “Effects of dietary silica nanoparticle on growth performance, protein digestibility, hematology, digestive morphology, and muscle composition of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus,” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 8, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3389/ fmars.2021.706179.

[44] S. K. Khan, J. Dutta, I. Ahmad, and M. A. Rather, “Nanotechnology in aquaculture: Transforming the future of food security,” Food Chemistry X, vol. 24, p. 101974, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/ j.fochx.2024.101974.

[45] E. Y. Mohammady et al., “Performance, physiological and immune responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed extruded pellet diets with different binders,” Aquaculture Reports, vol. 43, pp. 102944, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102944.

[46] E. P. on A. and P. or S. U. in A. Feed, “Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of bentonite as a technological feed additive for all species,” European Food Safety Authority journal, vol. 10, no. 7, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2787.

[47] O. Fagbenro and K. Jauncey, “Water stability, nutrient leaching and nutritional properties of moist fermented fish silage diets,” Aquacultural Engineering, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 143–153, Jan. 1995, doi: 10.1016/0144-8609(94)p4432-b.

[48] S. Gao et al., “Effects of gelatin or carboxymethyl cellulose supplementation during pelleting processing on feed quality, intestinal ultrastructure and growth performance in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio),” Aquaculture Nutrition, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1244–1254, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1111/anu.13080.

[49] V. Stojkov et al., “Soybean molasses has a positive impact on the pelleting process and physical quality of dairy feed pellets,” Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 304, p. 115738, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115738.

[50] B. Intharathat, P. Ponza, and T. Karaket, “Feasibility of molasses-fermented banana peel as a protein source in practical diet for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.): effect on growth and feed efficiency,” Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, vol. 46, pp. e68154, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v46i1.68154.

[51] R. Yossa, N. A. Fatan, J. Kumari, and J. W. Schrama, “Apparent digestibility coefficients of banana peel, cassava peel, cocoa husk, copra waste, and sugarcane bagasse in the GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),” Journal of Applied Aquaculture, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 734–754, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1080/104 54438.2021.1890304.

[52] W. M. Furuya, T. P. Da Cruz, and D. M. Gatlin, “Amino acid requirements for Nile tilapia: an update,” Animals, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 900, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ani13050900.

[53] A. G. J. Tacon, M. Metian, M. R. Hasan, and Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service, “Feed ingredients and fertilizers for farmed aquatic animals: Sources and composition,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Tech. Paper No. 540, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.fao.org/4/i1142e/i1142e.pdf

[54] L. Robaina, J. Pirhonen, E. Mente, J. Sánchez, and N. Goosen, “Fish diets in aquaponics,” in Fish Diets in Aquaponics, 2019, pp. 333–352. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_13.

[55] L. Félix-Cuencas, J. F. García-Trejo, S. López-Tejeida, and J. J. De León-Ramírez, “Nitrogen and phosphorus flow under three productive stages of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a hyperintensive aquaponic system with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum),” Aquaculture, vol. 606, pp. 742594, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.742594.

[56] M. Krastanova, I. Sirakov, S. Ivanova-Kirilova, D. Yarkov, and P. Orozova, “Aquaponic systems: biological and technological parameters,” Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 305–316, May 2022, doi: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2074892.

[57] R. E. Avendaño-Herrera and C. E. Riquelme, “Production of a diatom-bacteria biofilm in a photobioreactor for aquaculture applications,” Aquacultural Engineering, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 97–104, Aug. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.08.001.

[58] J. El-Chakhtoura, E. Prest, P. Saikaly, M. Van Loosdrecht, F. Hammes, and H. Vrouwenvelder, “Dynamics of bacterial communities before and after distribution in a full-scale drinking water network,” Water Research, vol. 74, pp. 180–190, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.015.

[59] P. Basu, A. K. Sadhukhan, P. Gupta, S. Rao, A. Dhungana, and B. Acharya, “An experimental and theoretical investigation on torrefaction of a large wet wood particle,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 159, pp. 215–222, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.105.

[60] K. J. Cronje, K. Chetty, M. Carsky, J. N. Sahu, and B. C. Meikap, “Optimization of chromium (VI) sorption potential using developed activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse with chemical activation by zinc chloride,” Desalination, vol. 275, no. 1–3, pp. 276–284, Apr. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.019.

[61] P. Chen et al., “Maximizing nutrient recovery from aquaponics wastewater with autotrophic or heterotrophic management strategies,” Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 21, pp. 101360, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101360.

[62] Y. Liao, S. Li, X. Zhu, Z. Dang, S. Tang, and G. Ji, “The promotion and inhibition effect of graphene oxide on the process of microbial denitrification at low temperature,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 340, pp. 125636, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125636.

[63] D. Wang, G. Wang, G. Zhang, X. Xu, and F. Yang, “Using graphene oxide to enhance the activity of anammox bacteria for nitrogen removal,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 131, pp. 527–530, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.099.

[64] F. Cui, T. Li, D. Wang, S. Yi, J. Li, and X. Li, “Recent advances in carbon-based nanomaterials for combating bacterial biofilm-associated infections,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 431, pp. 128597, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128597.

[65] F. Morgan-Sagastume, “Biofilm development, activity and the modification of carrier material surface properties in moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) for wastewater treatment,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 439–470, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2018.1465759.

[66] S. Al-Amshawee, M. Y. B. M. Yunus, J. G. Lynam, W. H. Lee, F. Dai, and I. H. Dakhil, “Roughness and wettability of biofilm carriers: A systematic review,” Environmental Technology & Innovation, vol. 21, p. 101233, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101233.

[67] C. Ziemba and J. Peccia, “Net energy production associated with pathogen inactivation during mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge,” Water Research, vol. 45, no. 16, pp. 4758–4768, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1016/ j.watres.2011.06.014.

[68] J. Govan, “Recent advances in magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites for the remediation of water resources,” Magnetochemistry, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 49, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6040049.

[69] Ł. Wujcicki and J. Kluczka, “Recovery of Phosphate(V) Ions from Water and Wastewater Using Chitosan-Based Sorbents Modified—A Literature Review,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 24, no. 15, p. 12060, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ijms241512060

[70] M. Chatzinikolaou, A. Mourantian, M. Feka, and E. Levizou, “Lettuce performance in a Tri-Trophic system incorporating crops, fish and insects confirms the feasibility of circularity in agricultural production,” Agronomy, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1782, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.3390/agronomy15081782.

[71] V. Nozzi, A. Graber, M. Schmautz, R. Mathis, and T. Junge, “Nutrient management in aquaponics: Comparison of three approaches for cultivating lettuce, mint and mushroom herb,” Agronomy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 27, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/agronomy8030027.

[72] N. Kasozi, R. Tandlich, M. Fick, H. Kaiser, and B. Wilhelmi, “Iron supplementation and management in aquaponic systems: A review,” Aquaculture Reports, vol. 15, pp. 100221, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100221.

[73] D. Lawrencia et al., “Controlled Release Fertilizers: A review on coating materials and mechanism of release,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 238, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/plants10020238.

[74] M. S. Haydar, D. Ghosh, and S. Roy, “Slow and controlled release nanofertilizers as an efficient tool for sustainable agriculture: Recent understanding and concerns,” Plant Nano Biology, vol. 7, pp. 100058, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.plana.2024.100058.

[75] A. Nongbet et al., “Nanofertilizers: a smart and sustainable attribute to modern agriculture,” Plants, vol. 11, no. 19, pp. 2587, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/plants11192587.

[76] C. I. Pérez-Rostro, R. Paredes-Olguin, G. Muñoz-Córdova, and M. P. Hernández-Vergara, “Integrated evaluation of aquaponic system performance using red tilapia (Oreochromis sp., trihybrid Pargo-UNAM line) and horticultural crops: growth, nutritional quality, and welfare indicators,” Aquaculture International, vol. 33, no. 5, May 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10499-025-02053-1.

[77] P. Chandramenon, A. Aggoun, and F. Tchuenbou-Magaia, “Smart approaches to Aquaponics 4.0 with focus on water quality − Comprehensive review,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 225, pp. 109256, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2024.109256.

[78] K. Chary, C. Jaeger, H. M. Jansen, S. Harchaoui, and J. Aubin, “Evaluating nutrient circularity in integrated aquaculture systems: criteria and indicators,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 504, pp. 145414, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145414.

[79] Heriansah, R. Syamsuddin, Najamuddin, and Syafiuddin, “Effect of feeding rate on growth and feed conversion ratio in the cultivation recirculation systems of multi tropic model,” IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1119, no. 1, p. 012066, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012066.

[80] M. D. Baldissera et al., “Vegetable choline improves growth performance, energetic metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of fingerling Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),” Aquaculture, vol. 501, pp. 224–229, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.11.021.

[81] M. Shirmohammadi, N. Salamat, M. T. Ronagh, A. Movahedinia, and G. Hamidian, “Using cell apoptosis, micronuclei and immune alternations as biomarkers of phenanthrene exposure in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus),” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 72, pp. 37–47, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.039.

[82] S. Goddek, A. Joyce, B. Kotzen, and G. M. Burnell, Eds., Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6.

[83] A. Rezagholizade-Shirvan, M. Soltani, S. Shokri, R. Radfar, M. Arab, and E. Shamloo, “Bioactive compound encapsulation: Characteristics, applications in food systems, and implications for human health,” Food Chemistry X, vol. 24, pp. 101953, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101953.

[84] D. C. Love et al., “Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey,” Aquaculture, vol. 435, pp. 67–74, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture. 2014.09.023.

[85] A. Kahru and H.-C. Dubourguier, “From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology,” Toxicology, vol. 269, no. 2–3, pp. 105–119, Sep. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.016.

[86] M. Badiola, D. Mendiola, and J. Bostock, “Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) analysis: Main issues on management and future challenges,” Aquacultural Engineering, vol. 51, pp. 26–35, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.07.004.

[87] A. Chowdhury and M. Ghosh, “Engineered nanomaterials and the microbiome: assessing disruptions in environmental and human microbial communities,” Frontiers in Nanotechnology, vol. 7, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.3389/fnano.2025.1666431.

[88] N. Mahaye, “Nanotechnology in aquaculture: food safety, human health risks, and regulatory challenges,” Food and Drug Safety, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 70–89, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.55121/fds.v2i2.661.

[89] A. M. A.-S. Goda et al., “Comparative socioeconomic, environmental and technical analysis of conventional versus smart sustainable integrated multi-trophic aquaponics systems,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 39414, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23039-2.

[90] C. Bero, K. M. Quiazon, and J. Saturno, “A review on application of nanotechnology in aquaculture,” CLSU International Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–12, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.22137/ijst.2024.v8n1.05.

[91] F. Asad et al., “FE-NPS and ZN-NPS: Advancing aquaculture performance through nanotechnology,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 202, no. 6, pp. 2828–2842, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03850-6.

[92] D. Singh, N. Rehman, and A. Pandey, “Nanotechnology: The alternative and efficient solution to biofouling in the aquaculture industry,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 195, no. 7, pp. 4637–4652, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-04274-z.

[93] C. Fajardo, G. Martinez-Rodriguez, J. Blasco, J. M. Mancera, B. Thomas, and M. De Donato, “Nanotechnology in aquaculture: Applications, perspectives and regulatory challenges,” Aquaculture and Fisheries, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 185–200, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.12.006.

[94] M. N. Hasaneen, “Perspective chapter: Recent advances in nanotechnology, nanomaterials, nanofertilizers and smart farming,” in Nanomaterials - New Trends and Applications, IntechOpen, 2023, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.110170.

[95] Y. Wang, Y. Yang, and J. Lu, “A review of aquaponics: Concept, current situation and development,” International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, vol. 51, no. 3, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.7764/ijanr.v51i3.2554.

[96] U. Shareef, A. U. Rehman, and R. Ahmad, “A Systematic Literature Review on Parameters Optimization for Smart Hydroponic Systems,” Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1517–1533, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ai5030073.

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2026.07.008

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright © 2025 by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok. All rights reserved.