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Synthesis and Characterization of Palm Oil-Based Polyurethane Reinforced with Surfactant-Modified Montmorillonite Nanoclay

Teuku Rihayat, Suryani Suryani, Syafruddin Syafruddin, Muhammad Yunus, Satriananda Satriananda, Pocut Nurul Alam, Fanny Sakinah

Abstract


Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer with outstanding mechanical and elastic properties; however, most PUs are still derived from petrochemical-based polyols. This study aims to synthesize polyurethane from palm oil-based polyols obtained through esterification of oleic acid and glycerol using DBSA as a catalyst, and to reinforce it with montmorillonite (MMT) modified by surfactants (CTAB and ODA). FTIR and GPC analyses confirmed the successful formation of polyol (Mw ~950) and PU (Mw ~3266). XRD, SEM, and TEM results demonstrated well-dispersed intercalated–exfoliated structures within the PU matrix. Mechanical testing revealed more than a 200% improvement in tensile strength and elongation at break after organoclay incorporation, attributed to strong interfacial interactions between PU and MMT. DMA analysis indicated an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), while TGA showed that the onset of degradation shifted from 200 °C for neat PU to ~318 °C for CTAB-mont-PU and ~330 °C for ODA-mont-PU. Overall, ODA-mont-PU exhibited the most significant improvements in morphology, mechanical performance, and thermal stability, highlighting its potential for advanced elastomer applications and as a sustainable alternative to petrochemical-based polyols. Unlike comprehensive reviews on construction-related nanotechnology, this work is an experimental study focusing on the synthesis of palm oil-based polyurethane and a head-to-head comparison of CTAB- and ODA-modified montmorillonite, supported by multi-technique characterization and kinetic degradation modeling.

Keywords



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DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2026.05.006

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