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Nanomaterials in Construction and Architecture: Cross-Scale Performance, Risks, and Implementation Limits

Djamil BenGhida, Sonia BenGhida, Sabrina BenGhida, Riad BenGhida

Abstract


Nanomaterials are increasingly investigated for their potential to enhance the mechanical performance, durability, energy efficiency, and environmental functionality of construction materials and architectural systems. This paper presents a critical, cross-scale synthesis of nanomaterial applications in structural composites, building envelopes, and urban-scale interventions, examining both reported performance gains and implementation constraints. An evaluative synthesis approach is adopted rather than quantitative ranking, reflecting the heterogeneity of testing protocols and the predominance of laboratory-scale evidence, with comparatively limited validation at pilot or field scales. Reported benefits include improvements in mechanical and structural performance, enhanced durability and material longevity, advances in thermal and energy performance, environmental and air-quality functions, gains in resource efficiency and material optimization, expanded design and system integration potential, and localized urban-scale and system-level contributions. However, these outcomes remain highly context-dependent and are shaped by production pathways, cost structures, durability uncertainties, and potential health and environmental risks across the material lifecycle. By situating nanomaterials within integrated, lifecycle-oriented design and governance frameworks, the findings indicate that their greatest contribution lies in context-sensitive, system-level deployment rather than in isolated technological fixes often associated with techno-solutionism.

Keywords



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