Green Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO₂ Nanoparticles via Colocasia esculenta L. Leaf Extract: Influence of Calcination Temperature on Physicochemical Properties

Linda Jati Kusumawardani, Aisyaharani Putri Winanti, Ani Iryani, Nurlela Nurlela, I Putu Mahendra, Tri Saptari Haryani

Abstract

TiO₂ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Colocasia esculenta L. leaf extracts (TiO₂–CELEs) and calcined at various temperatures (300–600 °C). Among the samples, TiO₂–CELEs 400 (400 °C) and TiO₂–CELEs 500 (500 °C) exhibited outstanding photocatalytic activity, achieving nearly complete degradation of methylene blue under light irradiation. TiO₂–CELEs 400 showed the largest surface area (106.31 m²/g) with well-developed mesopores, resulting in enhanced adsorption capacity. In contrast, TiO₂–CELEs 500 demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance despite its lower surface area, primarily due to its higher crystallinity, which facilitated more efficient charge separation and suppressed electron–hole recombination. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that increasing the calcination temperature enlarged the crystallite size (5.22–18.11 nm) and crystallinity (71.50–82.80%). Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) indicated band gap narrowing from 3.25 to 3.10 eV, signifying the onset of the anatase–rutile phase transition. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis confirmed mesoporous characteristics with an unusual desorption-over-adsorption pattern, suggesting flexible pores that facilitate molecular diffusion. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) confirmed the morphology and high purity of the nanospheres, with only minor potassium residues from CELEs metabolites. Overall, optimizing the calcination temperature effectively balanced surface area and crystallinity, establishing CELEs as a promising, eco-friendly biotemplate for developing high-performance TiO₂ photocatalysts applicable to photocatalysis, dye–sensitized solar cells, medical and environmental remediation.

Keywords

References

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