Transformer Differential Protection Method for Recognition between Power Transformer Internal Defects and Inrush Current: A Comprehensive Review of Detection Techniques
Abstract
Keywords
[1] R. Bouderbala and H. Bentarzi, “A new computer based differential relay framework for power transformer,” Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 260, pp. 473–481, 2014, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7262-5_54.
[2] Z. Gajić, “Differential protection for arbitrary three-Phase power transformers,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 2008.
[3] M. Bouchahdane, N. Soltani, and F. Lamraoui, “Maintenance testing of numerical differential protection relay,” International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, vol. 7, pp. 274–281, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s13198-015-0395-x.
[4] O. A. Ezechukwu, “Differential protection-application of zero sequence current trap,” International Journal of Computers and Technology, vol. 10, pp. 1563–1568, 2013, doi: 10.24297/ijct.v10i4.3257.
[5] B. Hamid and M. Samir, “Power transformer protection improvement,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Electrotechnical Engineering, University Mhamed Bougara-Boumerdes, Boumerdes, Algeria, 2017.
[6] C. R. Mason, The Art and Science of Protective Relaying, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Champman & Hall, 2012.
[7] S. H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, 4th ed. Chennai, India: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
[8] Y. G. Painthankar and S. R. Bhide, Fundermentals of Power System Protection, 2nd ed. Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, 2013.
[9] N. H. Hashim, N. H. Halim, S. N. M. Arshad, M. H. Hussain, S. R. A. Rahim, and A. A. Suleiman, “Performance of restricted fault and bias differential protection against earth fault on a transformer,” Journal of Physics, vol. 2312, 2022, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012005.
[10] J. L. Blackburn and T. J. Domin, Protective Relaying Principles and Applicaitons, 4th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2014.
[11] C. L. Bak, K. E. Einarsdóttir, E. Andresson, J. M. Rasmussen, J. Lykkegaard, and W. Wiechowski, “Overvoltage protection of large power transformers - A real-life study case,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, pp. 657–666, 2008, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905793.
[12] G. C. Paap, A. A. Alkema, and L. van der Sluis, “Overvoltages in power transformers caused by no-load switching,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, pp. 301–307, 1995, doi: 10.1109/61.368385.
[13] M. A. Barakat, A. Y. Hatata, and E. A. Badran, “Protection of transformer due to external fault between two voltage levels using overvoltage protection and sequence component of currents,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 184, 2020, Art. no. 106339, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020. 106339.
[14] L. Y. T. Suarez, “Power system protection,” M.S. thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2015.
[15] W. A. Atiyah, “Analysis of case study run by differential relay of power transformer computer simulation,” M.S. thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 2017.
[16] X. Lin, J. Ma, Q. Tian, and H. Weng, Electromagnetic Transient Analysis and Novell Protective Relaying Techniques for Power Transformers. Chennai, India: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2015.
[17] H. Altun, S. Sünter, and Ö. Aydoğmuş, “Modeling and analysis of a single-phase core-type transformer under inrush current and nonlinear load conditions,” Electrical Engineering, vol. 103, pp. 2961–2972, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00202-021-01283-9.
[18] H. Weng and X. Lin, “Studies on the unusual maloperation of transformer differential protection during the nonlinear load switch-in,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 24, pp. 1824–1831, 2009, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD. 2008.2005655.
[19] B. Ahmadzadeh-Shooshtari and A. Rezaei-Zare, “Analysis of transformer differential protection performance under geomagnetically induced current conditions,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 194, 2021, Art. no. 107094, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107094.
[20] E. A. Abdelsalam, “Ratios-based universal differential protection scheme for power transformers,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 2020.
[21] S. Hodder, B. Kasztenny, N. Fischer, and Y. Xia, “Low second-harmonic content in transformer inrush currents - analysis and practical solutions for protection security,” in 2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE), 2014, pp. 705–722, doi: 10.1109/ CPRE. 2014.6799037.
[22] R. Bouderbala and H. Bentarzi, “Differential relay reliability enhancement using fourth harmonic for a large power transformer,” International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, vol. 8, pp. 592–598, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s13198-016-0475-6.
[23] H. Mohammadpour, R. Dashti, and H. R. Shaker, “A new practical approach for discrimination between inrush currents and internal faults in power transformers,” Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s40866-020-0079-8.
[24] S. A. Saleh and M. A. Rahman, “Modeling and protection of a three-phase power transformer using wavelet packet transform,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, pp. 1273–1282, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2004. 834891.
[25] X. Wang, B. Tian, L. Wu, L. Wang, and H. Tan, “Adaptive transformer inrush current identification principle based on second harmonic,” Advances in Engineering Research, vol. 86, pp. 117–119, 2017, doi: 10.2991/EAME-17.2017.28.
[26] S. Krishnamurthy and B. Elenga Baningobera, “IEC61850 standard-based harmonic blocking scheme for power transformers,” Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 4, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s41601-019-0123-7.
[27] P. E. Sutherland, “Testing of harmonic restraint relays with single frequency sources,” in Conference Record - IAS Annual Meeting (IEEE Industry Applications Society), 1996, vol. 4, pp. 2291–2297, doi: 10.1109/IAS.1996.563893.
[28] IEEE guide for protecting power transformers, IEEE Standard C37.91-2008, 2021
[29] A. Sahebi, H. Askarian-Abyaneh, S. H. H. Sadeghi, H. Samet, and O. P. Malik, “Efficient practical method for differential protection of power transformer in the presence of the fault current limiters,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 17, pp. 3861–3871, 2023, doi: 10.1049/gtd2.12937.
[30] H. Dashti, M. Davarpanah, M. Sanaye-Pasand, and H. Lesani, “Discriminating transformer large inrush currents from fault currents,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 75, pp. 74–82, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.08.025.
[31] A. Sahebi and H. Samet, “Efficient method for discrimination between inrush current and internal faults in power transformers based on the non-saturation zone,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 11, pp. 1486–1493, 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1086.
[32] Q. Li, K. Domen, S. Naito, T. Onishi, and K. Tamaru, “New computer-based flux restrained current-differential relay for power transformer protection,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 321–324, 1983, doi: 10.1109/MPER.1983.5520205.
[33] X. Gong, Y. Zheng, S. Pan, C. Wu, and J. Deng, “Identification methods for transformer turn-to-turn faults and inrush current based on electrical information,” Journal of Physics, vol. 2215, 2022, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2215/1/012018.
[34] S. A. Saleh and M. A. Rahman, “Off-line testing of a wavelet packet-based algorithm for discriminating inrush current in three-phase power transformers,” IEEE Access, pp. 38–42, 2003, doi: 10.1109/LESCPE.2003.1204676.
[35] G. Baoming, A. T. de Almeida, Z. Qionglin, and W. Xiangheng, “An equivalent instantaneous inductance-based technique for discrimination between inrush current and internal faults in power transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, pp. 2473–2482, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.855443.
[36] M. Abasi, A. T. Farsani, A. Rohani, and A. Beigzadeh, “A novel fuzzy theory-based differential protection scheme for transmission lines,” International Journal of Integrated Engineering, vol. 12, pp. 149–160, 2020, doi: 10.30880/ijie.2020.12.08.015.
[37] K. C. Chuang, T. S. Lan, L. P. Zhang, Y. M. Chen, and X. J. Dai, “Parameter optimization for computer numerical controlled machining using fuzzy and game theory,” Symmetry, vol. 11, pp. 1–20, 2019, doi: 10.3390/sym11121450.
[38] A. Wiszniewski and B. Kasztenny, “A multi-criteria differential transformer relay based on fuzzy logic,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, pp. 1786–1792, 1995, doi: 10.1109/61.473379.
[39] D. Bejmert, W. Rebizant, L. Schiel, and Staszewski, “A new multi-criteria fuzzy logic transformer inrush restraint algorithm,” in IET Conference Publications, , 2012, vol. 2012, pp. 6–11, doi: 10.1049/cp.2012.0044.
[40] I. S. Rad, M. Alinezhad, S. E. Naghibi, and M. A. Kamarposhti, “Detection of internal fault in differential transformer protection based on fuzzy method,” International Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 6150–6158, 2011, doi: 10.5897/IJPS11.478.
[41] M. M. Marei, M. H. Nawir, and A. A. R. Altahir, “An improved technique for power transformer protection using fuzzy logic protective relaying,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 22, pp. 1754–1760, 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i3.pp1754-1760.
[42] X. Yang, X. Chen, K. Sun, C. Xiong, D. Song, Y. Lu, L. Huang, S. He, and X. Zhan, “A wavelet transform-based real-time filtering algorithm for fusion magnet power signals and its implementation,” Energies, vol. 16, pp. 1–15, 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16104091.
[43] M. Y. Suliman and M. T. Al-Khayyat, “Discrimination between inrush and internal fault currents in protection based power transformer using dwt,” International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 13, pp. 1–21, 2021, doi: 10.15676/ijeei.2021.13.1.1.
[44] S. K and J. S, “An efficient AP-ANN-based multimethod fusion model to detect stress through EEG signal analysis,” Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2022, pp. 1–18, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/7672297.
[45] M. Banerjee and A. Khosla, “Differential protection of power transformer using wavelet transform,” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 7627–7630, 2019, doi: 10.35940/ijrte.C6181.098319.
[46] M. N. O. Aires, R. P. Medeiros, F. B. Costa, K. M. Silva, J. J. Chavez, and M. Popov, “A wavelet-based restricted earth-fault power transformer differential protection,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 196, 2021 Art. no. 107246, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107246.
[47] Z. Babaei and M. Moradi, “Novel method for discrimination of transformers faults from magnetizing inrush currents using wavelet transform,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of Electrical Engineering, vol. 45, pp. 803–813, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40998-020-00399-1.
[48] Z. Babaei and M. Moradi, “A fast wavelet packet transform based algorithm for discrimination of transformers magnetizing inrush currents from internal faults,” Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Electronic and Computer Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 10–23, 2019.
[49] L. Yang and J. Ning, “A wavelet transform based discrimination between internal faults and inrush currents in power transformers,” in International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering, ICEICE 2011 - Proceedings, pp. 1127–1129, 2011, doi: 10.1109/ICEICE.2011. 5777769.
[50] S. K. Bhasker, M. Tripathy, and V. Kumar, “Wavelet transform based discrimination between inrush and internal fault of indirect symmetrical phase shift transformer,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–5, 2014. doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2014.6939437.
[51] R. P. Medeiros, F. B. Costa, and K. M. Silva, “Power transformer differential protection using the boundary discrete wavelet transform,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 31, pp. 2083–2095, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2015. 2513778.
[52] A. K. Agawani and A. G. Thosar, “Application of wavelet transform in discrimination of internal fault and magnetizing inrush current of power transformer,” International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER), vol. 7, pp. 49–60, 2017, doi: IJEEERAUG20176.
[53] H. Zhang, J. F. Wen, P. Liu, and O. P. Malik, “Discrimination between fault and magnetizing inrush current in transformers using short-time correlation transform,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 24, pp. 557–562, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0142-0615 (01)00065-5.
[54] J. da S. Bohrer, B. I. Grisci, and M. Dorn, “Neuroevolution of neural network architectures using codeepneat and keras,” ArXiv, 2020, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2002.04634.
[55] M. A. Ellafi, L. K. Deeks, and R. W. Simmons, “Application of artificial neural networks to the design of subsurface drainage systems in libyan agricultural projects,” Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, vol. 35, 2021, Art. no. 100832, doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100832.
[56] S. B. Ayyagari, “Artificial neural network based fault location for transmission lines,” M.S. thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA, 2011.
[57] M. Tripathy, R. P. Maheshwari, and H. K. Verma, “Power transformer differential protection based on optimal probabilistic neural network,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, pp. 102–112, 2010, doi: 10.1109/ TPWRD.2009.2028800.
[58] H. Balaga, N. Gupta, and D. N. Vishwakarma, “GA trained parallel hidden layered ANN based differential protection of three phase power transformer,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 67, pp. 286–297, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.11.028.
[59] M. Goda, “Discrimination between inrush and fault currents of transformers using artificial neural network tools,” The Egyptian International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Technology, vol. 37, pp. 34–38, 2022, doi: 10.21608/eijest.2021.75646.1065.
[60] W. A. Atiyah, S. Karimi, and M. Moradi, “A novel approach for diagnosing transformer internal defects and inrush current based on 1DCNN and LSTM deep learning,” Journal of Electrical Systems, vol. 20, pp. 2557–2572, 2024, doi: 10.52783/jes.3163.
[61] A. N. Hamoodi, M. A. Ibrahim, and B. M. Salih, “An intelligent differential protection of power transformer based on artificial neural network,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 11, pp. 93–102, 2022, doi: 10.11591/eei.v11i1.3547.
[62] S. Afrasiabi, M. Afrasiabi, B. Parang, and M. Mohammadi, “Integration of accelerated deep neural network into power transformer differential protection,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, pp. 865–876, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2929744.
[63] M. S. Islam and M. M. Kabir, “ANN based discrimination of inrush and fault currents in three phase power transformer using statistical approaches,” in 2019 4th International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology, EICT 2019, 2019, pp. 20–22, doi: 10.1109/EICT48899.2019.9068766.
[64] S. Afrasiabi, M. Afrasiabi, B. Parang, and M. Mohammadi, “Designing a composite deep learning based differential protection scheme of power transformers,” Applied Soft Computing Journal, vol. 87, 2020, Art. no. 105975, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105975.
[65] S. Afrasiabi, M. Afrasiabi, B. Parang, M. Mohammadi, H. Samet, and T. Dragicevic, “Fast GRNN-based method for distinguishing inrush currents in power transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 69, pp. 8501–8512, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2021. 3109535.
[66] A. Behvandi, S. G. Seifossadat, and A. Saffarian, “A new method for discrimination of internal fault from other transient states in power transformer using clarke’s transform and modified hyperbolic s-transform,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 178, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106023.
[67] A. Sahebi, H. Samet, and T. Ghanbari, “Identifying internal fault from magnetizing conditions in power transformer using the cascaded implementation of wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition,” International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 28, pp. 1–20, 2018, doi: 10.1002/etep.2485.
[68] S. Hasheminejad, “A new approach for the transformer differential protection based on s-transform and fuzzy expert system,” Journal of Applied Research in Electrical Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 159–168, 2021, doi: 10.22055/jaree.2021. 38432.1035.
[69] R. P. Medeiros, F. B. Costa, K. Melo Silva, J. D. J. C. Muro, J. R. L. Junior, and M. Popov, “A clarke-wavelet-based time-domain power transformer differential protection,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 37, pp. 317–328, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2021.3059732.
[70] D. P. M. Raichura and N. Chothani, “Efficient CNN‐XGBoost technique for classification of power transformer,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 15, pp. 972–985, 2020, doi: 10.1049/gtd2.12073.
[71] P. Chiradeja, C. Pothisarn, N. Phannil, S. Ananwattananporn, M. Leelajindakrairerk, A. Ngaopitakkul, S. Thongsuk, V. Pornpojratanakul, S. Bunjongjit, and S. Yoomak, “Application of probabilistic neural networks using high-frequency components’ differential current for transformer protection schemes to discriminate between external faults and internal winding faults in power transformers,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 11, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ app112210619.
[72] S. S. Kumar and S. Kawaskar, “Identification of internal fault from power transformer using wavelet transform and ANFIS,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 6, 2018, doi: 10.17577/ IJERTCON059.
[73] M. Tajdinian and H. Samet, “Application of probabilistic distance measures for inrush and internal fault currents discrimination in power transformer differential protection,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 193, pp. 1066–1071, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.107012.
[74] H. Samet, M. Shadaei, and M. Tajdinian, “Statistical discrimination index founded on rate of change of phase angle for immunization of transformer differential protection against inrush current,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 134, 2022, Art. no. 107381, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107381.
[75] D. Bejmert, M. Kereit, F. Mieske, W. Rebizant, K. Solak, and A. Wiszniewski, “Power transformer differential protection with integral approach,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 118, 2020, Art. no. 105859, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.105859.
[76] R. Pimpalkar and N. Khan, “DWT-ANN based analysis of inrush and fault currents in power transformers,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 03, pp. 2987–2993, 2016, doi: 10.1016/irjet.2016.11.013.
[77] S. R. Paraskar, M. A. Beg, and G. M. Dhole, “Discrimination between inrush and fault condition in transformer: A probabilistic neural network approach,” International Journal of Computational Systems Engineering, vol. 1, p. 50, 2012, doi: 10.1504/IJCSYSE.2012.044743.
[78] S. R. Paraskar, “Study on discrimination between inrush and fault in transformer: ANN approach,” Perspectives of Engineering Research, vol. 8, pp. 11–23, 2022, doi: 10.9734/Per.2022/ v8/4326.
[79] N. Shrivastava, “Power transformer differential protection based on DWT and EDT,” International Journal of Research in Engineering Science and Managment, vol. 5, pp. 154–158, 2022, doi: 10.9346/ijresm.2022/v5/2581.
[80] L. A. Yaseen, A. Ebadi, and A. A. Abdoos, “Discrimination between inrush and internal fault currents in power transformers using hyperbolic s-transform,” International Journal of Engineering Transactions C: Aspects, vol. 36, pp. 2184–2189, 2023, doi: 10.5829/ije.2023.36. 12c.07.
[81] A. A. Nazari, P. D. Student, F. Razavi, and A. F. Associate, “A novel method to differentiate internal faults and inrush current in power transformers using adaptive sampling and hilbert transform,” Iranian Electric Industry Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 97–110, 2022.
[82] S. R. Paraskar, “Study on discrimination between inrush and fault in transformer: ANN approach,” Perspectives of Engineering Research, vol. 8, pp. 11–23, 2022, doi: 10.9734/bpi/rtcams/ v8/2606C.
[83] M. Ahmadi, H. Samet, and T. Ghanbari, “Discrimination of internal fault from magnetising inrush current in power transformers based on sine-wave least-squares curve fitting method,” IET Science, Measurement and Technology, vol. 9, pp. 73–84, 2015, doi: 10.1049/iet-smt. 2014.0012.
[84] S. Key, G. W. Son, and S. R. Nam, “Deep learning-based algorithm for internal fault detection of power transformers during inrush current at distribution substations,” Energies, vol. 17, 2024, doi: 10.3390/en17040963.
[85] M. Sheryar, M. A. Ali, F. Umer, Z. Rashid, M. Amjad, Z. M. Haider, and M. O. Khan, “An approach to performing stability analysis for power transformer differential protection: A case study,” Energies, vol. 15, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ en15249603.
[86] S. Nomandela, M. Mnguni, M. Ratshitanga, and S. Ntshiba, “Transformer differential protection system testing for scholarly benefits using RTDS hardware-in-the-loop technique,” in 31st Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference (SAUPEC), 2023, doi: 10.1109/SAUPEC57889. 2023.10057606.
[87] B. Ahmadzadeh-Shooshtari and A. Rezaei-Zare, “Advanced transformer differential protection under GIC conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 37, pp. 1433–1444, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2021.3087463,.
[88] S. A. Hosseini, A. A. Nazari, B. Taheri, F. Razavi, and H. Hashemi-Dezaki, “Proposing a new approach to generate the differential trajectory of the differential relays using comtrade files,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 14, pp. 1–25, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su142113953.
[89] M. M. Hosseini-Biyouki and H. Askarian-Abyaneh, “Transformer power differential protection using real-time HIL test-based implementation of second-order transient-extracting transform,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 136, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107632.
[90] A. He, Z. Jiao, Z. Li, and Y. Liang, “Discrimination between internal faults and inrush currents in power transformers based on the discriminative-feature-focused CNN,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 223, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109701.
[91] K. B. Syariah and G. Ilmu, “Sequence current-based inrush detection in high-permeability core transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 72, pp. 1–6, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3318715.
[92] S. Hasheminejad, “A new high-frequency-based method for the very fast differential protection of power transformers,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 209, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr. 2022.108032.
[93] W. N. Taboor, A. A. Obed, and M. A. N. Alwan, “Application of wavelet packet and s- transforms for differential protection of power transformer,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 19, pp. 264–279, 2023, doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2013.02.08.
[94] F. Naseri, Z. Kazemi, E. Farjah, and T. Ghanbari, “Fast detection and compensation of current transformer saturation using extended kalman filter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 34, pp. 1087–1097, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2895802.
[95] A. Fallahi, N. Ramezani, and I. Ahmadi, “Current transformers saturation detection and compensation based on instantaneous flux density calculations,” Automatika, vol. 57, pp. 1070–1078, 2016, doi: 10.7305/automatika.2017. 04.1555.
[96] R. T. Gorji, S. M. Hosseini, A. A. Abdoos, and A. Ebadi, “A hybrid intelligent method for compensation of current transformers saturation based on PSO-SVR,” Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 65, pp. 53–61, 2021, doi: 10.3311/PPee. 16248.
[97] L. Alderete, M. C. Tavares, and F. Magrin, “Hardware implementation and real time performance evaluation of current transformer saturation detection and compensation algorithms,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 196, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107288.
[98] R. E. Torres, A. H. Osman, and O. P. Malik, “Impedance algorithm for protection of power transformers,” in 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 1–8, 2008, doi: 10.1109/PES. 2008.4596397.
[99] S. G. Abdulsalam, W. Xu, W. L. A. Neves, and X. Liu, “Estimation of transformer saturation characteristics from inrush current waveforms,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, pp. 170–177, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD. 2005.859295.
[100] S. Bagheri, Z. Moravej, and G. B. Gharehpetian, “Effect of transformer winding mechanical defects, internal and external electrical faults and inrush currents on performance of differential protection,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 11, pp. 2508–2520, 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1239.
[101] D. Bhowmick, M. Manna, and S. K. Chowdhury, “Estimation of equivalent circuit parameters of transformer and induction motor from load data,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, pp. 2784–2791, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2790378.
[102] G. Aponte, H. Cadavid, J. C. Burgos, and E. Gomez, “A methodology for obtaining by measurements the transformer physical-circuital model parameters,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, vol. 88, pp. 12–15, 2012.
[103] B. kre, S. Fofana, I. Yéo, Z. Brettschneider, S. Kung, and P. Sékongo, “On the feasibility of monitoring power transformers winding optical sensors,” Sensors, vol. 23, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23042310.
[104] A. Dehkordi, P. Forsyth, P. Kotsampopoulos, K. Strunz, Z. Li, Y. Zhang, and P. Liu, “A review of modelling techniques of power transformers for digital real‐time simulation,” The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2023, pp. 1–16, 2023, doi: 10.1049/tje2.12221.
[105] Y.-T. Jou, M.-C. Lin, R. M. Silitonga, S.-Y. Lu, and N.-Y. Hsu, “A systematic model to improve productivity in a transformer manufacturing company: A simulation case study,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, p. 519, 2024, doi: 10.3390/app14020519.
DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2024.07.008
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.