Page Header

Home > Vol 16, No 2 (Apr.–Jun. 2023) > Basha

Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell: Synthesis and Its Commercial Applications-A Recent Review

Nilufer Anwar Basha, Thirumalaisamy Rathinavel, Harini Sridharan

Abstract


Biomass is abundant in nature and can be utilized for the innovation of new materials. The selectivity of renewable energy resource for the production of activated carbon is quite challenging. This is because of the variance in the yield percentage of carbon. Our current review focuses on production of activated carbon obtained from coconut shell and its commercial applications in various fields. It gives complete structure of the different carbon materials that are activated in the form of a matrix, composite, deposition layer and graphene form. The significance of the bioresources is described as a starting material to produce AC to meet the challenges of the industrial and biomedical fields. The importance of parameters during carbon activation, such as carbonization temperature, selection of activating agents and the suitable method was discussed in detail. The importance of coconut shell as the best biomass producing highly efficient AC is compared with other raw materials. A deep insight into the study of raw materials essential for the preparation of activated carbon (AC) has been studied and reviewed thoroughly for the manifestation of efficient bioresource. Coconut shell is an underutilized renewable agricultural waste for production of AC via various synthesis protocols. This review explains the significance of coconut shell as a cheap substrate and eco-friendly material and the application of activated carbon for wastewater treatment, drug delivery, fabrication of energy storage devices and as an adsorbing agent.

Keywords



[1] Solid Biofuels—Terminology, Definitions and Descriptions, ISO 16559, 2014.

[2] R. K. Mishra and K. Mohanty, “Characterization of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass in terms of their candidacy towards alternative renewable fuels,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, vol. 8, pp. 799–812, 2018.

[3] M. N. F. Norrahim, R. A. Ilyas, N. M. Nurazzi, M. S. A. Rani, M. S. N. Atikah, and S. S. Shazleen, “Chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of bioproducts: An overview,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 588–605, 2021, doi: 10.14416/j.asep.2021.07.004.

[4] M. Njenga, N. Karanja, G. Prain, J. Malii, P. Munyao, and K. Gathuru, “Community-based energy briquette production from urban. Organic waste at Kahawa Soweto informal settlement, Nairobi,” in Urban Harvest Working Paper Series 5. Lima, Peru: International Potatoe Center, Oct. 2009.

[5] P. Sugumaran and S. Seshadri, “Biomass Charcoal Briquetting - Technology for Alternative Energy Based Income Generation in Rural Areas. Taramani, Chennai, Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Dec. 2010.

[6] R. I. Muazu and J. A. Stegemann, “Effects of operating variables on durability of fuel briquettes from rice husks and corn cobs,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 133, pp. 137–145, 2015.

[7] P. Dinesh, S. Kumar, and M. A. Rosen, “Biomass Briquettes as an alternative fuel: A comprehensive review,” Energy Technology, vol. 1, pp. 1–21, 2018.

[8] A. Kumar, N. Kumar, P. Baredar, and A. Shukla, “A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 45, pp. 530– 539, 2015.

[9] A. Martsri, N. Yodpijit, M. Jongprasithporn, and S. Junsupasen, “Energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis for sustainable development: A case study of a 9.9 MW biomass power plant in Thailand,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 14, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.14416/j.asep.2020.07.002.

[10] N. Abuelnoor, A. A. Hajaj, M. Khaleel, L. F. Vega, and M. R. M. Abu-Zahra, “Review activated carbons from biomass-based sources for CO2 capture applications,” Chemosphere, vol. 282, 2021, Art. no. 131111.

[11] Y. X. Gan, “Activated carbon from biomass sustainable sources,” C Journal of Carbon Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 2021, Art. no. 39.

[12] S. C. Zhang, L. L. Zang, T. W. Dou, J. L. Zou, Y. H. Zhang, and L. G. Sun, “Willow catkinsderived porous carbon membrane with hydrophilic property for efficient solar steam generation,” ACS Omega, vol. 5, pp. 2878–2885, 2020.

[13] N. M. Musyoka, B. K. Mutuma, and N. Manyala, “Onion-derived activated carbons with enhanced surface area for improved hydrogen storage and electrochemical energy application,” The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, vol. 10, pp. 26928–26936, 2020.

[14] G. M. Sawood and S. K. Gupta, “Kinetic equilibrium and thermodynamic analyses of As (V) removal from aqueous solution using iron-impregnated Azadirachta indica carbon,” Applied Water Science, vol. 10, 2020, Art. no. 131.

[15] M. Vohra, M. Al-Suwaiyan, and M. Hussaini, “Gas phase toluene adsorption using date palm-tree branches based activated carbon,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, pp. 9287–9301, 2020.

[16] A. Saniya, K. Sathya, K. Nagarajan, M. Yogesh, H. Jayalakshmi, P. Praveena, and S. Bharathi, “Modelling of the removal of crystal violet dye from textile effluent using Murraya koenigii stem biochar,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 203, pp. 356–365, 2020.

[17] G. Simoes dos Reis, S. H. Larsson, M. Mathieu, M. Thyrel, and T. N. Pham, “Application of design of experiments (DoE) for optimised production of micro and mesoporous Norway spruce bark activated carbons,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13399-021- 01917-9.

[18] R. Kumar, S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, R. K. Singh, W. K. Tan, K. K. Kar, and A. Matsuda, “Review article, recent progress on carbon-based composite materials for microwave electromagnetic interference shielding,” Carbon, vol. 177, pp. 304–331, 2021.

[19] R. Kumar, P. K. Dubey, R. K. Singh, A. R. Vaz, and S. A. Moshkalev, “Catalyst-free synthesis of a three-dimensional nanoworm-like gallium oxide–graphene nanosheet hybrid structure with enhanced optical properties,” The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, vol. 6, pp. 17669–17677, 2016, doi: 10.1039/C5ra24577j.

[20] R. Kumar, R. K. Singh, D. P. Singh, E. Joanni, R. M. Yadav, and S. A. Moshkalev, “Review laser-assisted synthesis, reduction and micropatterning of graphene: Recent progress and applications,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 342, pp. 34–79, 2017.

[21] R. Kumar, M. M. Abdel-Galeil, K. Z. Ya, K. Fujita, W. K. Tan, and A. Matsuda, “Facile and fast microwave-assisted formation of reduced graphene oxide-wrapped manganese cobaltite ternary hybrids as improved supercapacitor electrode material,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 481, pp. 296–306, 2019.

[22] R. Kumar, S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, R. K. Singh, K. Maegawa, W. K. Tan, G. Kawamura, K. K. Kar, and A. Matsuda, “Heteroatom doped graphene engineering for energy storage and conversion,” Materials Today, vol. 39, pp. 47–65, Oct. 2020.

[23] E. Victor, “Cocos nucifera (coconut) fruit: A review of its medical properties,” Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 718–723, 2013.

[24] T. Bandara, J. Xu, I. D. Potter, A. Franks, J. B. A. J. Chathurika, and C. X. Tang, “Mechanisms for the removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution and mine water by biochars derived from agricultural wastes,” Chemosphere, vol. 254, pp. 126745–126752, 2020.

[25] B. E. Grimwood, D. A. V. Ashman, F. Dendy, C. G. Jarman, E. C. S. Little, and W. H. Timmins, “Coconut palm products: Their processing in developing countries,” in Plant Production and Protection Series no. 7. Rome: FAO, pp. 245–261, 1975.

[26] A. Archana, M. V. P. Singh, S. Chozhavendhan, G. Gnanavel, S. Jeevitha, and A. M. K. Pandian, “Coconut shell as a promising resource for future biofuel production,” in Biomass Valorization to Bioenergy. Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 31–43.

[27] I. A. W. Tan, A. L. Ahmad, and B. H. Hameed, “Preparation of activated carbon from coconut husk: Optimization study on removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol using response surface methodology,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 153, pp. 709–717, 2008.

[28] I. Yerima and M. Z. Grema, “The potential of coconut shell as biofuel,” The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 11–15, 2018.

[29] R. K. Ahmad, S. A. Sulaiman, S.Yusup, S. S. Dol, M. Inayat, and H. A. Umar, “Exploring the potential of coconut shell biomass for charcoal production,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol 13, pp. 101499–101512, Jan 2022.

[30] M. K. B. Gratuito, T. Panyathanmaporn, R. A. Chumnanklang, N. Sirinuntawittaya, and A. Dutta, “Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: Optimization using response surface methodology,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, pp. 4887–4895, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j. biortech.2007.09.042.

[31] J. Laine and S. Yunes, “Effect of the preparation method on the pore size distribution of activated carbon from coconut shell,” Carbon, vol. 30, pp. 601–604, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0008-6223(92) 90178-Y.

[32] L. Jorge and C. Alvaro, “Factors affecting the preparation of activated carbons from coconut shell catalized by potassium,” Carbon, vol. 29, pp. 949–953, 1991, doi: 10.1016/0008-6223(91) 90173-G.

[33] N. Said, T. Bishara, A. Garcia-Maraver, and M. Zamorano, “Effect of water washing on the thermal behavior of rice straw,” Waste Management, vol. 33, pp. 2250–2256, 2013.

[34] D. Solano, P. Vinyes, and P. Arranz, Biomass Briquetting Process. Beirut, Lebanon: UNDPCEDRO, 2016.

[35] P. D. Grover and S. K. Mishra, Biomass briquetting: Technology and Practices. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1996.

[36] S. Mani, L. G. Tabil, and S. Sokhansanj, “Grinding performance and physical properties of heat and barley straws, corn stover and switchgrass,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 27, pp. 339–352, 2004.

[37] S. J. Tumuluru, W. T. Christopher, K. L. Kenny, and J. R. Hess, “A review on biomass densification technologies for energy application,” Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, USA, 2010.

[38] G. Newbolt, “Modelling of biomass milling,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, Rep. INL/EXT-10-18420, 2018.

[39] M. A. Yahya, Z. Al-Qodah, and C. W. Z. Ngah, “Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 46, pp. 218–235, 2015.

[40] M. L. Sekirifa, M. Hadj-Mahammed, S. Pallier, L. Baameur, D. Richard, and A. H. Al-Dujaili, “Preparation and characterization of an activated carbon from a date stones variety by physical activation with carbon dioxide,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 99, pp. 155–160, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.007.

[41] S. Kloss, F. Zehetner, A. Dellantonio, R. Hamid, F. Ottner, V. Liedtke, M. Schwanninger, M. H. Gerzabek, and G. Soja, “Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: Effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 41, pp. 990–1000, 2012, doi: 10.2134/jeq2011.0070.

[42] J. Bedia, M. Penas-Garzon, A. Gomez-Aviles, J. J. Rodriguez, and C. Belver, “Review on activated carbons by chemical activation with FeCl3,” Porous Carbon: Synthesis, Modification and Applications, vol. 6, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ c6020021.

[43] W. Li, K. Yang, J. Peng, L. Zhang, S. Guo, and H. Xia, “Effects of carbonization temperatures on characteristics of porosity in coconut shell chars and activated carbons derived from carbonized coconut shell chars,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 2, pp. 190–198, 2008.

[44] O. A. Sodeinde, “Preparation of a locally produced activated carbon from coconut shells and its use in reducing hexamine cobalt (III),” International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, vol. 3, pp. 67–71, 2012.

[45] M. Lewoyehu, “Comprehensive review on synthesis and application of activated carbon from agricultural residues for the remediation of venomous pollutants in wastewater,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 159, 2021, Art. no. 105279.

[46] D. Chiaramontia, M. Prussia, R. Nistria, M. Pettoralia, and A. M. Rizzo, “Biomass carbonization: Process options and economics for small scale forestry farms,” Energy Procedia, vol. 61, pp. 1515–1518, 2014.

[47] J. Katesa, S. Junpirom and C. Tangsathitkulchai, “Effect of carbonization temperature on properties of char and activated carbon from coconut shell,” Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 20, pp. 269–278, 2013.

[48] W. M. A. W. Daud, W. S. W. Ali, and M. Z. Sulaiman, “The effects of carbonization temperature on pore development in palm-shell-based activated carbon,” Carbon, vol. 38, pp. 1925–1932, 2000.

[49] S. H. Guo, J. H. Peng, W. Li, K. B. Yang, L. Zhang, S. M. Zhang, and H. Y. Xia, “Effects of CO2 activation on porous structures of coconut shell-based activated carbons,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 255, pp. 8443–8449, 2009.

[50] H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D. Lee, and C. Zheng, “Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis,” Fuel, vol. 86, pp. 1781–1788, 2007.

[51] L. Gasparovic, Z. Korenova, and L. Jelemensky, “Kinetic study of wood chips decomposition by TGA,” Chemical Papers, vol. 64, no. 2, 174–181, 2010.

[52] M. J. Antal, K. W. Boer, and J. A. Duffie, “Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the literature. Part ICarbohydrate pyrolysis, in Advances in Solar Energy. 1983, pp. 61–11.

[53] C. Nita, B. Zhang, J. Dentzer, and C. M. Ghimbeu, “Hard carbon derived from coconut shells, walnut shells and corn silk biomass waste exhibiting high capacity for Na-ion batteries,” Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol. 58, pp. 207–218, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.08.065.

[54] G. Wu, B. Jiang, L. Zhou, A. Wang, and S. Wei, “Coconut-shell-derived activated carbon for NIR photo-activated synergistic photothermalchemodynamic cancer therapy,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B, vol. 9, pp. 2447–2456, 2021.

[55] M. A. Tadda, A. Ahsan, A. Shitu, M. El Sergany, T. Arunkumar, B. Jose, M. Abdur Razzaque, and N. N. N. Daud, “A review on activated carbon: Process, application and prospects,” Journal of Advanced Civil Engineering Practice and Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2016.

[56] S. Altenor, B. Carene-Melane, and S. Gaspard, “Activated Carbons from lignocellulosic waste materials for water treatment: A review,” International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, vol. 10, no. 3–4, pp. 308–326, 2009.

[57] D. Prahas, Y. Kartika, N. Indraswati, and S. J. Ismadji, “Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: Pore structure and surface chemistry characterization,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 140, no. 1–3, pp. 32–42, 2008.

[58] M. Molina-Sabio, M. T. Gonzalez, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, and A. Sepulveda-Escribano, “Effect of steam and carbon dioxide activation in the micropore size distribution of activated carbon,” Carbon, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 505–509, 1996.

[59] T. Zhang, W. P. Walawender, L. T. Fan, M. Fan, D. Daugaard, and R. C. Brown, “Preparation of activated carbon from forest and agricultural residues through CO2 activation,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 105, no. 1–2, pp. 53–59, 2004.

[60] N. A. Rashidi and S. Yusup, “A review on recent technological advancement in the activated carbon production from oil palm wastes,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 314, pp. 277–290, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.059.

[61] A. Samsuri, F. Sadegh-Zadeh, and B. Seh-Bardan, “Characterization of biochars produced from oil palm and rice husks and their adsorption capacities for heavy metals,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 11, pp. 967–976, 2014.

[62] M. K. B. Gratuito, T. Panyathanmaporn, and R. A. Chumnanklang, “Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: Optimization using response surface methodology,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, pp. 4887–4895, 2008.

[63] M. Balajii and S. Niju, “Biochar-derived heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production,” Environmental Chemistry Letters, vol.17, pp. 1447– 1469, 2019.

[64] M.t Lewoyehu, “Comprehensive review on synthesis and application of activated carbon from agricultural residues for the remediation of venomous pollutants in wastewater,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 159, 2021, Art. no. 105279.

[65] V. H. Montoya and A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, Lignocellulosic Precursors Used in the Synthesis of Activated Carbon: Characterization Techniques and Applications in the Wastewater Treatment. Germany: BoD–Books on Demand, 2012.

[66] Y. Orkun, N. Karatepe, and R. Yavuz, “Influence of temperature and impregnation ratio of H3PO4 on the production of activated carbon from hazelnut shell,” Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 277–280, 2012.

[67] C. Moreno-Castilla, F. Carrasco-Marin, M. V. Lopez-Ramon, and M. A. Alvarez-Merino, “Chemical and physical activation of olive-mill waste water to produce activated carbons,” Carbon, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1415–1420, 2001.

[68] A. G. Jacob, O. J. Okunola, A. U. Uduma, A. Tijjani, and S. Hamisu, “Treatment of wastewater by activated carbon developed from Borassus aethiopum,” Nigerian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 103–107, 2015.

[69] M. K. B. Gratuito, T. Panyathanmaporn, and R. A. Chumnanklang, “Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: Optimization using response surface methodology,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, pp. 4887–4895, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.042.

[70] N. Rambabu, B. Rao, and V. Surisetty, “Production, characterization, and evaluation of activated carbons from de-oiled canola meal for environmental applications,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 65, pp. 572–581, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop. 2014.09.046.

[71] X. Cui, F. Jia, Y. Chen, and J. Gan, “Infuence of single-walled carbon nanotubes on microbial availability of phenanthrene in sediment,” Ecotoxicology, vol. 20, pp. 1277–1285, 2011, doi: 10.1007/s1064 6-011-0684-3.

[72] M. Balajii and S. Niju, “Biochar-derived heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production,” Environmental Chemistry Letters, vol. 17, pp. 1447–1469, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10311-019- 00885-x.

[73] M. A. Yahya, Z. Al-Qodah, and C. Z. Ngah, “Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review,” Renewable Sustainable Energy, vol. 46, pp. 218–235, 2015, doi: 10.1016/ j.rser.2015.02.051.

[74] P. Nowicki, I. Kuszyńska, J. Przepiorski, and R. Pietrzak, “The effect of chemical activation method on properties of activated carbons obtained from pine cones,” Open Chemistry, vol. 11, pp. 78–85, 2013, doi: 10.2478/s11532- 012-0140-0.

[75] S. Yorgun and D. Yıldız, “Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Paulownia wood by chemical activation with H3PO4,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 53, pp. 122–131, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.032.

[76] E. S. Sanni, M. E. Emetere, J. O. Odigure, V. E. Efeovbokhan, O. Agboola, and E. R. Sadiku, “Determination of optimum conditions for the production of activated carbon derived from separate varieties of coconut shells,” Hindawi International Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 2017, 2017, Art. no. 2801359.

[77] K. G. Raja and P. A. Joy, “Coconut shell based activated carbon–iron oxide magnetic nanocomposite for fast and efficient removal of oil spills,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2068–2075, Sep. 2015.

[78] Z. Hu and M. P. Srinivasan, “Preparation of highsurface- area activated carbons from 480 coconut shell,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 1999.

[79] J. Romanos, M. Beckner, T. Rash, L. Firlej, B. Kuchta, P. Yu, G. Suppes, C. Wexler, and P. Pfeifer, “Nanospace engineering of KOH activated carbon,” Nanotechnology, vol. 23, no. 1, 2012, Art. no. 015401.
[80] J. Foungchuen, N. pairin, and C. Phalakornkule, “Impregnation of chitosan onto activated carbon for adsorption selectivity towards CO2: Biohydrogen purification,” KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 197–209, 2016, doi: 10.14416/j.ijast.2016.03.003.

[81] J. Ding, D. Wu, J. Zhu, S. Huang, F. Rodríguez- Hernandez, Y. Chen, C. Lu, S. Zhou, J. Zhang, D. Tranca, and X. Zhuang, “High-entropy carbons: From high-entropy aromatic species to singleatom catalysts for electrocatalysis,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 426, 2021, Art. no. 131320.

[82] S. Siahrostami, K. Jiang, M. Karamad, K. Chan, H. Wang, and J. Nørskov, “Theoretical investigations into defected graphene for electrochemical reduction of CO2,” American Chemical Society Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 11080–11085, 2017.

[83] M. P. Elizalde-Gonzalez and V. Hernandez-Montoya, “Characterization of mango pit as raw material in the preparation of activated carbon for wastewater treatment,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 230–238, 2007.

[84] M. P. Elizalde-Gonzalez and V. Hernandez-Montoya, “Fruit seeds as adsorbents and precursors of carbon for the removal of anthraquinone dyes,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2–3, pp. 243–253, 2008.

[85] J. A. F. MacDonald and D. F. Quinn, “Adsorbents for methane storage made by phosphoric acid activation of peach pits,” Carbon, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1103–1108, 1996.

[86] P. Gongzalez-Garcia, “Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: A review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, vol. 82, pp. 1393–1414, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.117.

[87] N. Jiang, Y. Shen, B. Liu, D. Zhang, Z. Tang, G. Li, and B. Fu, “CO2 capture from dry flue gas by means of VPSA, TSA and TVSA,” Journal of CO2 Utilization, vol. 35, pp. 153–168, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.09.012.

[88] N. M. Nor, L. C. Lau, K. T. Lee, and A. R. Mohamed, “Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control - a review,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 658–666, 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.jece. 2013.09.017.

[89] B. Das, K. E. Prasad, U. Ramamurty, and C. N. R. Rao, “Nano-Indentatioon studies on polymer matrix composites reinforced by few-layer graphene” Nanotechnology, vol. 20, 2009, Art. no. 125705.

[90] A. Verma, “A perspective on the potential material candidate for railway sector applications: PVA based functionalized graphene reinforced nanocomposite,” Applied Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 15, no. 2, Mar 2022, Art. no. 5727, doi: 10.14416/j.asep.2022.03.009.

[91] A. H. El-Sheikh, A. P. Newman, H. Al-Daffaee, S. Phull, N. Cresswell, and S. York, “Deposition of anatase on the surface of activated carbon,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 187, pp. 284–292, 2004.

[92] Q. S. Liu, T. Zheng, P. Wang, J. P. Jiang, and N. Li, “Adsorption isotherm, kinetic and mechanism studies of some substituted phenols on activated carbon fibers,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 157, pp. 348–356, 2010.

[93] H. H. Salih, G. A. Sorial, C. L. Patterson, R. Sinha, and E. R. Krishnan, “Removal of trichloroethylene by activated carbon in the presence and absence of TiO2 nanoparticles,” Water Air Soil Pollution, vol. 223, pp. 2837–2847, 2012.

[94] R. A. Teixeira, E. C. Lima, A. D. Benetti, P. S. Thue, M. R. Cunha, N. F. G. M. Cimirro, F. Sher, M. H. Dehghani, G. S. dos Reis, and G. L. Dotto, “Preparation of hybrids of wood sawdust with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane. Application as an adsorbent to remove Reactive Blue 4 dye from wastewater effluents,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol 125, pp. 141–152, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.007.

[95] G. S. dos Reis, S. H. Larsson, M. Thyrel, T. N. Pham, E. C. Lima, H. P. de Oliveira, and G. L. Dotto, “Preparation and application of efficient biobased carbon adsorbents prepared from spruce bark residues for efficient removal of reactive dyes and colors from synthetic effluents,” Coatings, vol. 11, no. 7, 2021, Art. no. 772, doi: 10.3390/coatings11070772.

[96] C. Song, S. Wu, M. Cheng, P. Tao, M. Shao, and G. Gao, “Adsorption studies of coconut shell carbons prepared by KOH activation for removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions,” Sustainability, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86–98, 2014, doi: 10.3390/ su6010086.

[97] H. Sun, Y. Zhou, J. Ren, and X. Qu, “Carbon nanozymes: Enzymatic properties, catalytic mechanism, and applications,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 57, pp. 9224– 9237, 2018.

[98] N. M. Keppetipola, M. Dissanayake, P. Dissanayake, B. Karunarathne, M. A. Dourges, D. Talaga, L. Servant, C. Olivier, T. Toupance, S. Uchida, K. Tennakone, G. R. A. Kumara, and L. Cojocaru, “Graphite-type activated carbon from coconut shell: A natural source for eco-friendly nonvolatile storage devices,” The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, vol. 11, pp. 2854–2861, 2021.

[99] M. N. M. Iqbaldin, I. Khudzir, M. I. M. Azlan, A. G. Zaidi, B. Surani, and Z. Zubri, “Properties of coconut shell activated carbon,” Journal of Tropical Forest Science, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 497–503, 2013.

[100] H. Deng, G. Li, H. Yang, and J. Tang, “Preparation of activated carbons from cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 163, pp. 373–381, 2010.

[101] M. O. Marin, J. A. Fernandez, M. J. Lazaro, C. Fernandez-Gonzalez, A. Macias-Garcia, V. Gomez-Serrano, F. Stoeckli, and T. A. Centeno, “Cherry stones as precursor of activated carbons for supercapacitors,” Material Chemical and Physical, vol. 114, pp. 323–327, 2009.

[102] M. Sekar, V. Sakthi, and S. Rengaraj, “Kinetics equilibrium adsorption study of lead (II) onto activated carbon prepared from coconut shell,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 279, pp. 307–313, 2004.
[103] B. Biskup and B. Subotic, “Removal of heavy metal ions from solutions using zeolites. III. Influence of sodium ion concentration in the liquid phase on the kinetics of exchange processes between cadmium ions from solution and sodium ions from zeolite,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 39, pp. 925–940, 2004.

[104] M. Arias, M. T. Barral, and J. C. Mejuto, “Enhancement of coper and cadmium adsorption on kaolin by the presence of humic acids,” Chemosphere, vol. 48, pp. 1081–1088, 2002.

[105] Y. Z. Hakim, Y. Yulizar, A. Nurcahyo, and M. Surya, “Green synthesis of carbon nanotubes from coconut shell waste for Pb(II) ion adsorption,” Acta Chimica Asiana, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 6–10, 2018.

[106] D. Das, D. P. Samal, and B. C. Meikap, “Preparation of activated carbon from green coconut shell and its characterization,” Journal of Chemical Engineering and Process Technology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2–7, 2015.

[107] E. S. Sanni, M. E. Emetere, J. O. Odigure, V. E. Efeovbokhan, O. Agboola, and E. R. Sadiku, “Determination of optimum conditions for the production of activated carbon derived from separate varieties of coconut shells,” Hindawi International Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 2017, 2017, Art. no. 2801359.

[108] V. E. Efeovbokhan, E. E. Alagbe, B. Odika, R. Babalola, T. E. Oladimeji, O. G. Abatan, and E. O. Yusuf, “Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from plantain peel and coconut shell using biological activators,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1378, no. 3, 2019, Art. no. 032035.

[109] P.-H. Huang, H.-H. Cheng, and S.-H. Lin, “Adsorption of carbon dioxide onto activated carbon prepared from coconut shells,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2015, 2015, Art. no. 106590, doi: 10.1155/2015/106590.

[110] D. R. Lima, E. C. Lima, P. S. Thue, S. L. P. Dias, F. M. Machado, M. K. Seliem, F. Sher, G. S. dos Reis, M. R. Saeb, and J. Rinklebe, “Comparison of acidic leaching using a conventional and ultrasound-assisted method for preparation of magnetic-activated biochar,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 105865–105872, 2021.

[111] X. Zhu, Y. Liu, F. Qian, C. Zhou, S. Zhang, and J. Chen, “Preparation of magnetic porous carbon from waste hydrochar by simultaneous activation and magnetization for tetracycline removal,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 154, pp. 209–214, 2014.

[112] S. Zhang, L. Tao, M. Jiang, G. Gou, and Z. Zhou, “Single-step synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shell,” Materials Letters, vol. 157, pp. 281–284, 2015.

[113] Y. Tian and H. Zhou, “A novel nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from black liquor for efficient removal of Cr(VI) and tetracycline: Comparison with porous lignin carbon,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 333, 2022, Art. no. 130106.

[114] I. Hussain, J. Qi, X. Sun, X. L. Wang, and J. Li, “Melamine derived nitrogen-doped carbon sheet for the efficient removal of chromium (VI),” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 318, Nov. 2020, Art. no. 114052, doi: 10.1016/j. molliq.2020.114052.

[115] M. Gonzalez-Hourcade, G. Simoes dos Reis, A. Grimm, V. M. Dinh, E. C. Lima, S. H. Larsson, and F. G. Gentili, “Microalgae biomass as a sustainable precursor to produce nitrogendoped biochar for efficient removal of emerging pollutants from aqueous media,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 348, 2022, Art. no. 131280.

[116] H. Tao, P. Da-chun, C. Zui, X. Xiao-hong, C. Yu-xi, and L. Hong-bo, “Structure and electrochemical properties of coconut shellbased hard carbon as anode materials for potassium ion batteries,” New Carbon Materials, vol. 36, Aug 2021, doi: 10.1016/S1872- 5805(21)60069-0.

[117] Q. Liang, Y. Liu, M. Chen, L. Ma, B. Yang, L. Li, and Q. Liu, “Optimized preparation of activated carbon from coconut shell and municipal sludge,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 241, 2020, Art. no. 122327, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122327.

[118] B. Arianto, T. Setianingsih, and B. Rumhayati, “Modification of activated carbon from coconut shell charcoal with copper (CuCl2/AC, Cu(OH)2/AC, CuO/AC) for adsorption of paracetamol contaminant,” The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 117–125, Jun. 2019.

[119] Z. Deng, S. Sun, and H. Li, “Modification of coconut shell-based activated carbon and purification of wastewater,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, vol. 4, pp. 65–73, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42114-021- 00205-4.

[120] I. S. El-Hallag, M. N. El-Nahass, S. M. Youssry, R. Kumar, M. M. Abdel-Galeil, and A. Matsuda, “Facile in-situ simultaneous electrochemical reduction and deposition of reduced graphene oxide embedded palladium nanoparticles as high performance electrode materials for supercapacitor with excellent rate capability,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 314, pp. 124–134, Aug. 2019, 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.065.

[121] G. Wang, G. Chen, S. Yang, P. Zhang, F. Wang, A. S. Nia, M. Yu, and X. Feng, “Facile assembly of layer-interlocked graphene heterostructures as flexible electrodes for Li-ion batteries,” Faraday Discussions, vol. 227, 2021, doi: 10.1039/C9FD00120D.

[122] M. E. Hoque, A. M. Rayhan, and S. I. Shaily, “Natural fiber-based green composites: Processing, properties and biomedical applications,” Applied Science and Engineering Physics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 689–718, 2021.

[123] M. R. Khaleel, A. Ahsan, M. Imteaz, N. N. N. Daud, T. A. Mohamed, and B. A. Ibrahim, “Performance of GACC and GACP to treat institutional wastewater: A sustainable technique,” Membrane and Water Treatment, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 339–349, 2015.

[124] D. Momodu, N. F. Sylla, B. Mutuma, A. Bello, T. Masikhwa, S. Lindberg, A. Matic, and N. Manyala, “Stable ionic-liquid-based symmetric supercapacitors from Capsicum seedporous carbons,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 838, pp. 119–128, 2019.

[125] D. He, Z. H. Huang, and M. X. Wang, ‘Porous nitrogen, and oxygen co-doped carbon microtubes derived from plane tree fruit fluff for high-performance supercapacitors,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 30, pp. 1468–1479, 2019.

[126] K. T. Kumar, G. S. Sundari, E. S. Kumar, A. Ashwini, M. Ramya, P. Varsha, R. Kalaivani, M. S. Andikkadu, V. Kumaran, and R. Gnanamuthu, “Synthesis of nanoporous carbon with new activating agent for high-performance supercapacitor,” Materials Letters, vol. 218, pp. 181–184, 2018.

[127] F. Barzegar, A. Bello, J. K. Dangbegnon, N. Manyala, and X. H. Xia, “Asymmetric supercapacitor based on activated expanded graphite and pinecone tree activated carbon with excellent stability,” Applied Energy, vol. 207, pp. 417–426, 2017.

[128] A. K. Mondal, K. Kretschmer, Y. F. Zhao, H. Liu, C. Y. Wang, B. Sun, and G. X. Wang, “Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets from eco-friendly eucalyptus leaves as high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries,” Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 23, pp. 3683–3690, 2017.

[129] Q. Zhang, R. Hu, Y. L. Chen, X. F. Xiao, G. M. Zhao, H. J. Yang, J. H. Li, W. L. Xu, and X. B. Wang, “Banyan-inspired hierarchical evaporators for efficient solar photothermal conversion,” Applied Energy, vol. 276, 2020, Art. no. 115545.

[130] R. K. Selva, P. Zhu, C. I. Yan, J. D. Zhu, M. Dirican, A. Shanmugavani, Y. S. Lee, and X.W. Zhang, “Biomass-derived porous carbon modified glass fiber separator as polysulfide reservoir for Li-S batteries,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 513, pp. 231–239, 2018.

[131] A. R. Wood, R. Garg, K. Justus, T. Cohen-Karni, P. LeDuc, and A. J. Russell, “Intact mangrove root electrodes for desalination,” The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, vol. 9, pp. 4735–4743, 2019.

[132] A. Jahanban-Esfahlan, R. Jahanban-Esfahlan, M. Tabibiazar, L. Roufegarinejad, and R. Amarowicz, “Recent advances in the use of walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell as a valuable plant-based bio-sorbent for the removal of hazardous materials,” The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, vol. 10, pp. 7026–7047, 2020.

[133] T. Lupascu, O. Petuhov, N. Timbaliuc, S. Cibotaru, and A. Rotaru, “Adsorption capacity of vitamin B(12) and creatinine on highlymesoporous activated carbons obtained from lignocellulosic raw materials,” Molecules, vol. 25, no. 13, 2020, Art. no. 3095.

[134] M. Y. Chong and Y. J. Tam, “Bioremediation of dyes using coconut parts via adsorption: A review,” Springer Nature Applied Sciences, vol. 2, 2020, Art. no. 187.

[135] N. C. Tolosa, K. D. Mendoza, D. L. P. Dumayas, and J. M. D. F. De Silva, “Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from Antidesma bunius L. in methylene blue removal from wastewater,” Journal of Environmental Science and Management, Special Issue, pp. 18–28, 2020.

[136] A. M. Ghaedi, M. M. Baneshi, A. Vafaei, A. R. S. Nejad, I. Tyagi, N. Kumar, E. Galunin, A. G. Tkachev, S. Agarwal, and V. K. Gupta, “Comparison of multiple linear regression and group method of data handling models for predicting sunset yellow dye removal onto activated carbon from oak tree wood” Environmental Technology and Innovation, vol. 11, pp. 262–275, 2018.

[137] H. Z. Khafri, M. Ghaedi, A. Asfaram, and M. Safarpoor, “Synthesis and characterization of ZnS:Ni-NPs loaded on AC derived from apple tree wood and their applicability for the ultrasound assisted comparative adsorption of cationic dyes based on the experimental design,” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 38, pp. 371–380, 2017.

[138] J. G. Xu, J. S. Shi, H. M. Cui, N. F. Yan, and Y. W. Liu, “Preparation of nitrogen doped carbon from tree leaves as efficient CO2 adsorbent,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 711, pp. 107–112, 2018.

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2022.07.001

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright © 2024 by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok. All rights reserved.